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Hebron

"Al-Khalil" redirects here. For other uses, see Al-Khalil (disambiguation) and Hebron (disambiguation).

Hebron
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicالخليل
 • LatinḤebron (ISO 259-3)
Al-Khalīl (official)
Al-Ḫalīl (unofficial)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • Hebrewחברון
Downtown Hebron
Downtown Hebron
Official logo of Hebron
Municipal Seal of Hebron
Nickname: 
City of the Patriarchs
Hebron is located in State of Palestine
Hebron
Hebron
Location of Hebron within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°31′43″N 35°05′49″E / 31.52861°N 35.09694°E / 31.52861; 35.09694
Palestine grid159/103
StateState of Palestine IsraelShared control between State of Palestine and Israel
GovernorateHebron
Government
 • TypeCity (from 1997)
 • Head of MunicipalityTayseer Abu Sneineh[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total74,102 dunams (74.102 km2 or 28.611 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[3]
 • Total201,063
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
Websitewww.hebron-city.ps
Official nameHebron/Al-Khalil Old Town
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv, vi
Reference1565
Inscription2017 (41st Session)
Endangered2017–
Area20.6 ha
Buffer zone152.2 ha

Hebron (Arabic: الخليل al-Khalīl, pronunciationⓘ or خَلِيل الرَّحْمَن Khalīl al-Raḥmān;[4] Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן Ḥevrōn, pronunciationⓘ) is a Palestinian[5][6][7][8] city in the southern West Bank, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies 930 metres (3,050 ft) above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after East Jerusalem),[9][10] and the third-largest in the Palestinian territories (after East Jerusalem and Gaza), it had a population of 201,063 Palestinians in 2017,[3] and seven hundred Jewish settlers concentrated on the outskirts of its Old City.[11] It includes the Cave of the Patriarchs, which Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions all designate as the burial site of three key patriarchal/matriarchal couples.[11] The city is often considered one of the four holy cities in Judaism[12][13][14] as well as in Islam.[15][16][17][18]

Hebron is considered one of the oldest cities in the Levant. According to the Bible, Abraham settled in Hebron and bought the Cave of the Patriarchs as a burial place for his wife Sarah. Biblical tradition holds that the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, along with their wives Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, were buried in the cave. Hebron is also recognized in the Bible as the place where David was anointed king of Israel.[19] Following the Babylonian captivity, the Edomites settled in Hebron. During the first century BCE, Herod the Great built the wall which still surrounds the Cave of the Patriarchs, which later became a church, and then a mosque.[19] With the exception of a brief Crusader control, successive Muslim dynasties ruled Hebron from the 6th century CE until the Ottoman Empire's dissolution following World War I, when the city became part of British Mandatory Palestine.[19] A massacre in 1929 and the Arab uprising of 1936–39 led to the emigration of the Jewish community from Hebron.[19] The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Hebron, occupied and annexed by Jordan, and since the 1967 Six-Day War, the city has been under Israeli military occupation. Following Israeli occupation, Jewish presence was reestablished at the city.[19] Since the 1997 Hebron Protocol, most of Hebron has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority.

The city is often described as a "microcosm" of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank.[20] The Hebron Protocol of 1997 divided the city into two sectors: H1, controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, and H2, roughly 20% of the city, including 35,000 Palestinians, under Israeli military administration.[21] All security arrangements and travel permits for local residents are coordinated between the Palestinian National Authority and Israel via the Israeli military administration of the West Bank (COGAT). The Jewish settlers have their own governing municipal body, the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron.

Today, Hebron is the capital of the Hebron Governorate, the largest governorate of the State of Palestine, with an estimated population of around 782,227 as of 2021.[22] It is a busy hub of West Bank trade, generating roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of limestone from quarries in its area.[23] It has a local reputation for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories. The old city of Hebron features narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.[24][25]

  1. ^ "Palestinian terrorist in killing of 6 Jews elected Hebron mayor". Times of Israel. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  2. ^ "Hebron City Profile – ARIJ" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  4. ^ Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index by Josef W. Meri; p.318; "Hebron(Khalil al-Rahman"
  5. ^ Kamrava 2010, p. 236.
  6. ^ Alimi 2013, p. 178.
  7. ^ Rothrock 2011, p. 100.
  8. ^ Beilin 2004, p. 59.
  9. ^ "Palestinian Residents of Jerusalem". Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  10. ^ "West Bank". ATG. 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  11. ^ a b Neuman 2018, p. 3
  12. ^ Burckhardt; Burckhardt, John Lewis; Africa, Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1-4142-8338-8.
  13. ^ Gavish, Haya (2010). Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3366-2.
  14. ^ Scharfstein 1994, p. 124.
  15. ^ Dumper 2003, p. 164
  16. ^ Salaville 1910, p. 185:'For these reasons after the Arab conquest of 637 Hebron "was chosen as one of the four holy cities of Islam.'
  17. ^ Aksan & Goffman 2007, p. 97: 'Suleyman considered himself the ruler of the four holy cities of Islam, and, along with Mecca and Medina, included Hebron and Jerusalem in his rather lengthy list of official titles.'
  18. ^ Honigmann 1993, p. 886.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Hebron | city, West Bank | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  20. ^ For example:
    * The New Yorker, [1], January 24, 2019; "Hebron is a microcosm of the West Bank, a place where the key practices of the Israeli occupation can be observed up close, in a single afternoon."
    *Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (10 May 2018). The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Cambridge University Press. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-107-15652-4. Hebron is a microcosm of the control Israel exercises over the West Bank.
    Joyce Dalsheim (1 July 2014). Producing Spoilers: Peacemaking and the Production of Enmity in a Secular Age. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-938723-6. Hebron is sometimes thought of as a concentrated microcosm of the conflict in Israel/Palestine. Sometimes it is imagined as a microcosm of Israeli occupation in post-1967 territories, sometimes as a microcosm of the settler-colonial project in Palestine, and sometimes as a microcosm of the Jewish state surrounded by Arab enemies.
  21. ^ Neuman 2018, p. 4.
  22. ^ 'Projected Mid -Year Population for Hebron Governorate by Locality 2017-2021,' Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 2021
  23. ^ Zacharia 2010.
  24. ^ Hasasneh 2005.
  25. ^ Flusfeder 1997

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